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/* -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 2 -*- */
/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
* License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
* file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
#ifndef mozilla_NotNull_h
#define mozilla_NotNull_h
// It's often unclear if a particular pointer, be it raw (T*) or smart
// (RefPtr<T>, nsCOMPtr<T>, etc.) can be null. This leads to missing null
// checks (which can cause crashes) and unnecessary null checks (which clutter
// the code).
//
// C++ has a built-in alternative that avoids these problems: references. This
// module defines another alternative, NotNull, which can be used in cases
// where references are not suitable.
//
// In the comments below we use the word "handle" to cover all varieties of
// pointers and references.
//
// References
// ----------
// References are always non-null. (You can do |T& r = *p;| where |p| is null,
// but that's undefined behaviour. C++ doesn't provide any built-in, ironclad
// guarantee of non-nullness.)
//
// A reference works well when you need a temporary handle to an existing
// single object, e.g. for passing a handle to a function, or as a local handle
// within another object. (In Rust parlance, this is a "borrow".)
//
// A reference is less appropriate in the following cases.
//
// - As a primary handle to an object. E.g. code such as this is possible but
// strange: |T& t = *new T(); ...; delete &t;|
//
// - As a handle to an array. It's common for |T*| to refer to either a single
// |T| or an array of |T|, but |T&| cannot refer to an array of |T| because
// you can't index off a reference (at least, not without first converting it
// to a pointer).
//
// - When the handle identity is meaningful, e.g. if you have a hashtable of
// handles, because you have to use |&| on the reference to convert it to a
// pointer.
//
// - Some people don't like using non-const references as function parameters,
// because it is not clear at the call site that the argument might be
// modified.
//
// - When you need "smart" behaviour. E.g. we lack reference equivalents to
// RefPtr and nsCOMPtr.
//
// - When interfacing with code that uses pointers a lot, sometimes using a
// reference just feels like an odd fit.
//
// Furthermore, a reference is impossible in the following cases.
//
// - When the handle is rebound to another object. References don't allow this.
//
// - When the handle has type |void|. |void&| is not allowed.
//
// NotNull is an alternative that can be used in any of the above cases except
// for the last one, where the handle type is |void|. See below.
#include "mozilla/Assertions.h"
namespace mozilla {
// NotNull can be used to wrap a "base" pointer (raw or smart) to indicate it
// is not null. Some examples:
//
// - NotNull<char*>
// - NotNull<RefPtr<Event>>
// - NotNull<nsCOMPtr<Event>>
//
// NotNull has the following notable properties.
//
// - It has zero space overhead.
//
// - It must be initialized explicitly. There is no default initialization.
//
// - It auto-converts to the base pointer type.
//
// - It does not auto-convert from a base pointer. Implicit conversion from a
// less-constrained type (e.g. T*) to a more-constrained type (e.g.
// NotNull<T*>) is dangerous. Creation and assignment from a base pointer can
// only be done with WrapNotNull(), which makes them impossible to overlook,
// both when writing and reading code.
//
// - When initialized (or assigned) it is checked, and if it is null we abort.
// This guarantees that it cannot be null.
//
// - |operator bool()| is deleted. This means you cannot check a NotNull in a
// boolean context, which eliminates the possibility of unnecessary null
// checks.
//
// NotNull currently doesn't work with UniquePtr. See
// https://github.com/Microsoft/GSL/issues/89 for some discussion.
//
template <typename T>
class NotNull
{
template <typename U> friend NotNull<U> WrapNotNull(U aBasePtr);
T mBasePtr;
// This constructor is only used by WrapNotNull().
template <typename U>
explicit NotNull(U aBasePtr) : mBasePtr(aBasePtr) {}
public:
// Disallow default construction.
NotNull() = delete;
// Construct/assign from another NotNull with a compatible base pointer type.
template <typename U>
MOZ_IMPLICIT NotNull(const NotNull<U>& aOther) : mBasePtr(aOther.get()) {}
// Default copy/move construction and assignment.
NotNull(const NotNull<T>&) = default;
NotNull<T>& operator=(const NotNull<T>&) = default;
NotNull(NotNull<T>&&) = default;
NotNull<T>& operator=(NotNull<T>&&) = default;
// Disallow null checks, which are unnecessary for this type.
explicit operator bool() const = delete;
// Explicit conversion to a base pointer. Use only to resolve ambiguity or to
// get a castable pointer.
const T& get() const { return mBasePtr; }
// Implicit conversion to a base pointer. Preferable to get().
operator const T&() const { return get(); }
// Dereference operators.
const T& operator->() const { return get(); }
decltype(*mBasePtr) operator*() const { return *mBasePtr; }
};
template <typename T>
NotNull<T>
WrapNotNull(const T aBasePtr)
{
NotNull<T> notNull(aBasePtr);
MOZ_RELEASE_ASSERT(aBasePtr);
return notNull;
}
// Compare two NotNulls.
template <typename T, typename U>
inline bool
operator==(const NotNull<T>& aLhs, const NotNull<U>& aRhs)
{
return aLhs.get() == aRhs.get();
}
template <typename T, typename U>
inline bool
operator!=(const NotNull<T>& aLhs, const NotNull<U>& aRhs)
{
return aLhs.get() != aRhs.get();
}
// Compare a NotNull to a base pointer.
template <typename T, typename U>
inline bool
operator==(const NotNull<T>& aLhs, const U& aRhs)
{
return aLhs.get() == aRhs;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
inline bool
operator!=(const NotNull<T>& aLhs, const U& aRhs)
{
return aLhs.get() != aRhs;
}
// Compare a base pointer to a NotNull.
template <typename T, typename U>
inline bool
operator==(const T& aLhs, const NotNull<U>& aRhs)
{
return aLhs == aRhs.get();
}
template <typename T, typename U>
inline bool
operator!=(const T& aLhs, const NotNull<U>& aRhs)
{
return aLhs != aRhs.get();
}
// Disallow comparing a NotNull to a nullptr.
template <typename T>
bool
operator==(const NotNull<T>&, decltype(nullptr)) = delete;
template <typename T>
bool
operator!=(const NotNull<T>&, decltype(nullptr)) = delete;
// Disallow comparing a nullptr to a NotNull.
template <typename T>
bool
operator==(decltype(nullptr), const NotNull<T>&) = delete;
template <typename T>
bool
operator!=(decltype(nullptr), const NotNull<T>&) = delete;
} // namespace mozilla
#endif /* mozilla_NotNull_h */
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