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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+<head>
+<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
+<title>Handling Files and Directories</title>
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+<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
+cellspacing="0">
+<tr>
+<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="filesystem-structure-nfs.html"
+accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
+<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom"></td>
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+accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="CHAPTER">
+<h1><a id="FILE-COMMANDS" name="FILE-COMMANDS"></a>Chapter 10 Handling Files and
+Directories</h1>
+
+<div class="TOC">
+<dl>
+<dt><b>Table of Contents</b></dt>
+
+<dt>10.1 <a href="file-commands.html#FILE-COMMANDS-NAVIGATION">Navigation : <tt
+class="COMMAND">ls</tt>, <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt>, and <tt
+class="COMMAND">pwd</tt></a></dt>
+
+<dt>10.2 <a href="file-commands-pagers.html">Pagers: <tt class="COMMAND">more</tt>, <tt
+class="COMMAND">less</tt>, and <tt class="COMMAND">most</tt></a></dt>
+
+<dt>10.3 <a href="file-commands-output.html">Simple Output: <tt class="COMMAND">cat</tt>
+and <tt class="COMMAND">echo</tt></a></dt>
+
+<dt>10.4 <a href="file-commands-creation.html">Creation: <tt class="COMMAND">touch</tt>
+and <tt class="COMMAND">mkdir</tt></a></dt>
+
+<dt>10.5 <a href="file-commands-copymove.html">Copy and Move</a></dt>
+
+<dt>10.6 <a href="file-commands-deletion.html">Deletion: <tt class="COMMAND">rm</tt> and
+<tt class="COMMAND">rmdir</tt></a></dt>
+
+<dt>10.7 <a href="file-commands-link.html">Aliasing files with <tt
+class="COMMAND">ln</tt></a></dt>
+</dl>
+</div>
+
+<p>Linux aims to the most Unix-like it can be. Traditionally, Unix operating systems have
+been command-line oriented. We do have a graphical user interface in Slackware, but the
+command-line is still the main level of control for the system. Therefore, it is
+important to understand some of the basic file management commands.</p>
+
+<p>The following sections explain the common file management commands and provide
+examples of how they are used. There are many other commands, but these will help you get
+started. Also, the commands are only briefly discussed here. You will find more detail in
+the accompanying man pages for each command.</p>
+
+<div class="SECT1">
+<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="FILE-COMMANDS-NAVIGATION" name="FILE-COMMANDS-NAVIGATION">10.1
+Navigation : <tt class="COMMAND">ls</tt>, <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt>, and <tt
+class="COMMAND">pwd</tt></a></h1>
+
+<div class="SECT2">
+<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN3398" name="AEN3398">10.1.1 <tt
+class="COMMAND">ls</tt></a></h2>
+
+<p>This command lists files in a directory. Windows and DOS users will notice its
+similarity to the <tt class="COMMAND">dir</tt> command. By itself, <tt
+class="COMMAND">ls</tt>(1) will list the files in the current directory. To see what's in
+your root directory, you could issue these commands:</p>
+
+<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<pre class="SCREEN">
+<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /</kbd>
+<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls</kbd>
+bin cdr dev home lost+found proc sbin tmp var
+boot cdrom etc lib mnt root suncd usr vmlinuz
+</pre>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The problem a lot of people have with that output is that you cannot easily tell what
+is a directory and what is a file. Some users prefer that <tt class="COMMAND">ls</tt> add
+a type identifier to each listing, like this:</p>
+
+<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<pre class="SCREEN">
+<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls -FC</kbd>
+bin/ cdr/ dev/ home/ lost+found/ proc/ sbin/ tmp/ var/
+boot/ cdrom/ etc/ lib/ mnt/ root/ suncd/ usr/ vmlinuz
+</pre>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Directories get a slash at the end of the name, executable files get an asterisk at
+the end of the name, and so on.</p>
+
+<p><tt class="COMMAND">ls</tt> can also be used to get other statistics on files. For
+example, to see the creation dates, owners, and permissions, you would look at a long
+listing:</p>
+
+<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<pre class="SCREEN">
+<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls -l</kbd>
+drwxr-xr-x 2 root bin 4096 May 7 09:11 bin/
+drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 24 03:55 boot/
+drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 18 01:10 cdr/
+drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 6144 Oct 23 18:37 cdrom/
+drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 28672 Mar 5 18:01 dev/
+drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 4096 Mar 8 03:32 etc/
+drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Mar 8 03:31 home/
+drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jan 23 21:29 lib/
+drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 16384 Nov 1 08:53 lost+found/
+drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 6 12:47 mnt/
+dr-xr-xr-x 62 root root 0 Mar 4 15:32 proc/
+drwxr-x--x 12 root root 4096 Feb 26 02:06 root/
+drwxr-xr-x 2 root bin 4096 Feb 17 02:02 sbin/
+drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 2048 Oct 25 10:51 suncd/
+drwxrwxrwt 4 root root 487424 Mar 7 20:42 tmp/
+drwxr-xr-x 21 root root 4096 Aug 24 03:04 usr/
+drwxr-xr-x 18 root root 4096 Mar 8 03:32 var/
+</pre>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Suppose you want to get a listing of the hidden files in the current directory. This
+command will do just that:</p>
+
+<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<pre class="SCREEN">
+<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls -a</kbd>
+. bin cdrom home mnt sbin usr
+.. boot dev lib proc suncd var
+.pwrchute_tmp cdr etc lost+found root tmp vmlinuz
+</pre>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Files beginning with a period (called dot files) are hidden when you run <tt
+class="COMMAND">ls</tt>. You will only see them if you pass the <var
+class="OPTION">-a</var> option.</p>
+
+<p>There are many more options that can be found in the online manual page. Don't forget
+that you can combine options that you pass to <tt class="COMMAND">ls</tt>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="SECT2">
+<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN3436" name="AEN3436">10.1.2 <tt
+class="COMMAND">cd</tt></a></h2>
+
+<p>The <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt> command is used to change working directories. You
+simply type <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt> followed by the path name to change to. Here are
+some examples:</p>
+
+<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<pre class="SCREEN">
+darkstar:~$ <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /bin</kbd>
+darkstar:/bin$ <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd usr</kbd>
+bash: cd: usr: No such file or directory
+darkstar:/bin$ <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /usr</kbd>
+darkstar:/usr$ <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls</kbd>
+bin
+darkstar:/usr$ <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd bin</kbd>
+darkstar:/usr/bin$
+</pre>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Notice that without the preceding slash, it tries to change to a directory in the
+current directory. Also executing <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt> with no options will move
+you to your home directory.</p>
+
+<p>The <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt> command is not like the other commands. It is a
+builtin shell command. Shell builtins are discussed in <a
+href="shell-bash.html#SHELL-BASH-ENVIRONMENT">Section 8.3.1</a>. This may not make any
+sense to you right now. Basically it means there is no man page for this command.
+Instead, you have to use the shell help. Like this:</p>
+
+<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<pre class="SCREEN">
+<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">help cd</kbd>
+</pre>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>It will display the options for <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt> and how to use them.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="SECT2">
+<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN3463" name="AEN3463">10.1.3 <tt
+class="COMMAND">pwd</tt></a></h2>
+
+<p>The <tt class="COMMAND">pwd</tt> command is used to show your current location. To use
+the <tt class="COMMAND">pwd</tt> command just type <tt class="COMMAND">pwd</tt>. For
+example:</p>
+
+<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<pre class="SCREEN">
+<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /bin</kbd>
+<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">pwd</kbd>
+/bin
+<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /usr</kbd>
+<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd bin</kbd>
+<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">pwd</kbd>
+/usr/bin
+</pre>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="NAVFOOTER">
+<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
+<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
+cellspacing="0">
+<tr>
+<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="filesystem-structure-nfs.html"
+accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
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+accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
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+accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">NFS Mounts</td>
+<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top">&nbsp;</td>
+<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Pagers: <tt class="COMMAND">more</tt>, <tt
+class="COMMAND">less</tt>, and <tt class="COMMAND">most</tt></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+